Whalesong: a Racket to JavaScript compiler

Version: 5.1.2

Whalesong: a Racket to JavaScript compiler

Source code can be found at: https://github.com/dyoo/whalesong. The latest version of this document lives in http://hashcollision.org/whalesong.

Current commit head is e03398802c194598f864da37dac4c2e002ab8e5e.

Warning: this is work in progress!

1 Introduction

Whalesong is a compiler from Racket to JavaScript; it takes Racket programs and translates them so that they can run stand-alone on a user’s web browser. It should allow Racket programs to run with (hopefully!) little modification, and provide access through the foreign-function interface to native JavaScript APIs. The included runtime library supports the numeric tower, an image library, and a framework to program the web in functional event-driven style.

The GitHub source repository to Whalesong can be found at https://github.com/dyoo/whalesong.

Prerequisites: at least Racket 5.1.1, and a Java 1.6 SDK.

2 Getting started

2.1 Installing Whalesong

At the time of this writing, although Whalesong has been deployed to PLaneT, the version on PLaneT is out of date. I’ll be updating the PLaneT package as soon as Whalesong starts to stabilize, but the system as a whole is still in some flux.

You may want to get the latest sources instead of using the version on PLaneT. Doing so requires doing a little bit of manual work. The steps are:

Check Whalesong out of Github.
Set up the PLaneT development link to your local Whalesong instance.
Run raco setup over Whalesong to finish the installation

We can check it out of the source repository in GitHub; the repository can be checked out by using git clone. At the command-line, clone the tree with:

$ git clone git://github.com/dyoo/whalesong.git

This should check the repository in the current directory.

Next, let’s set up a PLaneT development link. Make sure you are in the parent directory that contains the "whalesong" repository, and then run this on your command line:

$ planet link dyoo whalesong.plt 1 0 whalesong

(You may need to adjust the 1 and 0 major/minor numbers a bit to be larger than the latest version that’s on PLaneT at the time.)

Finally, we need to set up Whalesong with raco setup. Here’s how to do this at the command line:

$ raco setup -P dyoo whalesong.plt 1 0

This should compile Whalesong, as well as set up the "whalesong" executable. Any time the source code in "whalesong" changes, we should repeat this raco setup step again.

At this point, you should be able to rung "whalesong" from the command line.

$ ./whalesong

Expected one of the following: [build, get-runtime, get-javascript].

and if this does appear, then Whalesong should be installed successfully.

Note: whenever Whalesong’s source code is updated from Github, please re-run the raco setup. Otherwise, Racket will try to recompile Whalesong on every single use of Whalesong, which can be very expensive.

2.2 Making Standalone .xhtml files with Whalesong

Let’s try making a simple, standalone executable. At the moment, the program must be written in the base language of (planet dyoo/whalesong). This restriction unfortunately prevents arbitrary racket/base programs from compiling at the moment; the developers (namely, dyoo) will be working to remove this restriction as quickly as possible.

Write a "hello.rkt" with the following content

"hello.rkt"
#lang planet dyoo/whalesong
(display "hello world")
(newline)

This program is a regular Racket program, and can be executed normally,

$ racket hello.rkt

hello world

However, it can also be packaged with "whalesong".

$ whalesong build hello.rkt

$ ls -l hello.xhtml

-rw-rw-r-- 1 dyoo nogroup 692213 Jun 7 18:00 hello.xhtml

Running whalesong build on a Racket program will produce a self-contained ".xhtml" file. If you open this file in your favorite web browser, you should see a triumphant message show on screen.

We can do something slightly more interesting. Let’s write a Whalesong program that accesses the JavaScript DOM. Call this file "dom-play.rkt".

The generated program can be downloaded here: dom-play.xhtml

"dom-play.rkt"
#lang planet dyoo/whalesong

;; Uses the JavaScript FFI, which provides bindings for:
;; $ and call
(require (planet dyoo/whalesong/js))

;; insert-break: -> void
(define (insert-break)
  (call-method ($ "<br/>") "appendTo" body)
  (void))

;; write-message: any -> void
(define (write-message msg)
  (void (call-method (call-method (call-method ($ "<span/>") "text" msg)
                    "css" "white-space" "pre")
              "appendTo"
              body)))

;; Set the background green, and show some content
;; on the browser.
(void (call-method body "css" "background-color" "lightgreen"))
(void (call-method ($ "<h1>Hello World</h1>") "appendTo" body))
(write-message "Hello, this is a test!")
(insert-break)
(let loop ([i 0])
  (cond
   [(= i 10)
    (void)]
   [else
    (write-message "iteration ") (write-message i)
    (insert-break)
    (loop (add1 i))]))

This program uses the JQuery API provided by (planet dyoo/whalesong/js), as well as the native JavaScript FFI to produce output on the browser. If w run Whalesong on this program, and view the resulting "dom-play.xhtml" in your web browser, we should see a pale, green page with some output.

2.3 Using Whalesong functions from JavaScript

Whalesong also allows functions defined from Racket to be used from JavaScript. As an example, we can take the boring factorial function and define it in a module called "fact.rkt":

The files can also be downloaded here:
fact.rkt
index.html
with generated JavaScript binaries here:
fact.js
runtime.js

"fact.rkt"
#lang planet dyoo/whalesong
(provide fact)
(define (fact x)
  (cond
   [(= x 0)
    1]
   [else
    (* x (fact (sub1 x)))]))

Instead of creating a standalone .xhtml, we can use whalesong to get us the module’s code. From the command-line:

$ whalesong get-javascript fact.rkt > fact.js

$ ls -l fact.js

-rw-r--r-- 1 dyoo dyoo 27421 2011-07-11 22:02 fact.js

This file does require some runtime support not included in "fact.js"; let’s generate the runtime.js and save it as well. At the command-line:

$ whalesong get-runtime > runtime.js

$ ls -l runtime.js

-rw-r--r-- 1 dyoo dyoo 544322 2011-07-11 22:12 runtime.js

Now that we have these, let’s write an "index.html" that uses the fact function that we provideed from "fact.rkt".

"index.html"
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script src="runtime.js"></script>
<script src="fact.js"></script>

<script>
// Each module compiled with 'whalesong get-runtime' is treated as a
// main module.  invokeMains() will invoke them.
plt.runtime.invokeMains();

plt.runtime.ready(function() {

   // Grab the definition of 'fact'...
   var myFactClosure = plt.runtime.lookupInMains('fact');

   // Make it available as a JavaScript function...
   var myFact = plt.baselib.functions.asJavaScriptFunction(
        myFactClosure);

   // And call it!
   myFact(function(v) {
              $('#answer').text(v.toString());
          },
          function(err) {
              $('#answer').text(err.message).css("color", "red");
          },
          10000
          // "one-billion-dollars"
          );
});
</script>
</head>

<body>
The factorial of 10000 is <span id="answer">being computed</span>.
</body>
</html>

Replacing the 10000 with "one-billion-dollars" should reliably produce a proper error message.

3 Using whalesong

Whalesong provides a command-line utility called whalesong for translating Racket to JavaScript. It can be run in several modes:

To create standalone XHTML documents
To output the compiled JavaScript as a single ".js" file
To output the compiled JavaScript as several ".js" files, one per module. (this isn’t done yet...)

Using whalesong to generate standalone XHTML documents is relatively straightforward with the build command. To use it, pass the name of the file to it:

$ whalesong build [name-of-racket-file]

An ".xhtml" will be written to the current directory.

Almost all of the whalesong commands support two command line options:

–compress-javascript: Use Google Closure’s JavaScript compiler to significantly compress the JavaScript. Using this currently requires a Java 1.6 JDK.
–verbose: write verbose debugging information to standard error.

For more advanced users, whalesong can be used to generate JavaScript in non-standalone mode. This gives the web developer more fine-grained control over how to control and deploy the outputted program.

3.1 build

Given the name of a program, this builds a standalone ".xhtml" file into the current working directory that executes the program in a web browser.

The ".xhtml" should be self-contained, with an exception: if the file uses any external resources by using define-resource, those resources are written into a subdirectory called "res" under the current working directory.

3.2 get-javascript

Given the name of a program, writes the JavaScript to standard output, as well as its dependent modules. The outputted file is meant to be used as a SCRIPT source.

By default, the given program will be treated as a main module. All main modules will be executed when the JavaScript function plt.runtime.invokeMains() is called.

3.3 write-javascript-files

[NOT DONE YET] (needs to write a MANIFEST file?) (this almost seems like we need some concept of a JAR... )

3.4 write-resources

[NOT DONE YET]

3.5 get-runtime

Prints out the core runtime library that the files generated by get-javascript depend on.

4 Including external resources with (planet dyoo/whalesong:1:2/resource)

(require (planet dyoo/whalesong:1:2/resource))

Programs may need to use external file resources that aren’t themselves Racket programs, but instead some other kind of data. Graphical programs will often use ".png"s, and web-related programs ".html"s, for example. Whalesong provides the (planet dyoo/whalesong:1:2/resource) library to refer and use these external resources. When Whalesong compiles a program into a package, these resources will be bundled alongside the JavaScript-compiled output.

(define-resource id path-string)

Defines a resource with the given path name.

For example,

#lang planet dyoo/whalesong
(require (planet dyoo/whalesong/resource))
(define-resource my-whale-image-resource "humpback.png")

(resource->url a-resource) → string?

a-resource : resource?

Given a resource, gets a URL.

For example,

#lang planet dyoo/whalesong
(require (planet dyoo/whalesong/resource)
(planet dyoo/whalesong/image))

(define-resource my-whale-image-resource "humpback.png")

(define WHALE-IMAGE
(bitmap/url (resource->url my-whale-image-resource)))

5 The JavaScript API

(require (planet dyoo/whalesong:1:2/js))

This needs to describe what hooks we’ve got from the JavaScript side of things.

In particular, we need to talk about the plt namespace constructed by the runtime, and the major, external bindings, like plt.runtime.invokeMains.

The contracts here are not quite right either. I want to use JQuery as the type in several of the bindings here, but don’t quite know how to teach Scribble about them yet.

(alert msg) → void

msg : string?

Displays an alert. Currently implemented using JavaScript’s alert function.

body : any/c

A JQuery-wrapped value representing the body of the DOM.

(call-method object method-name arg ...) → any/c

object : any/c

method-name : string?

arg : any/c

Calls the method of the given object, assuming object is a JavaScript value that supports that method call. The raw return value is passed back.

For example,

(call-method body "css" "background-color")

should return the css color of the body.

($ locator) → any/c

locator : any/c

Uses JQuery to construct or collect a set of DOM elements, as described in the JQuery documentation.

For example,

(call-method ($ "<h1>Hello World</h1>")
"appendTo"
body)

will construct a h1 header, and append it to the document body.

(in-javascript-context?) → boolean

Returns true if the running context supports JavaScript-specific functions.

(viewport-width) → number?

Can only be called in a JavaScript context.

Returns the width of the viewport.

(viewport-height) → number?

Can only be called in a JavaScript context.

Returns the height of the viewport.

6 World programming

Whalesong provides a library to support writing functional I/O programs (A Functional I/O System). Here’s an example of such a world program:

[FIXME: embed a world program here.]

7 Internals

Please skip this section if you’re a regular user: this is really notes internal to Whalesong development, and is not relevant to most people.

These are notes that describe the internal details of the implementation, including the type map from Racket values to JavaScript values. It should also describe how to write FFI bindings, eventually.

7.1 Architecture

The basic idea is to reuse most of the Racket compiler infrastructure. We use the underlying Racket compiler to produce bytecode from Racket source; it also performs macro expansion and module-level optimizations for us. We parse that bytecode using the compiler/zo-parse collection to get an AST, compile that to an intermediate language, and finally assemble JavaScript.

AST IL
parse-bytecode.rkt -----> compiler.rkt ----> assembler.rkt

The IL is intended to be translated straightforwardly. We currently have an assembler to JavaScript "js-assembler/assemble.rkt", as well as a simulator in "simulator/simulator.rkt". The simulator allows us to test the compiler in a controlled environment.

7.2 parser/parse-bytecode.rkt

(We try to insulate against changes in the bytecode structure by using the version-case library to choose a bytecode parser based on the Racket version number. Add more content here as necessary...)

7.3 compiler/compiler.rkt

This translates the AST to the intermediate language. The compiler has its origins in the register compiler in Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs with some significant modifications.

Since this is a stack machine, we don’t need any of the register-saving infrastructure in the original compiler. We also need to support slightly different linkage structures, since we want to support multiple value contexts. We’re trying to generate code that works effectively on a machine like the one described in http://plt.eecs.northwestern.edu/racket-machine/.

The intermediate language is defined in "il-structs.rkt", and a simulator for the IL in "simulator/simulator.rkt". See "tests/test-simulator.rkt" to see the simulator in action, and "tests/test-compiler.rkt" to see how the output of the compiler can be fed into the simulator.

The assumed machine is a stack machine with the following atomic registers:

val: value
proc: procedure
argcount: number of arguments

and two stack registers:

env: environment stack
control: control stack

7.4 js-assembler/assemble.rkt

The intent is to potentially support different back end generators for the IL. "js-assembler/assemble.rkt" provides a backend for JavaScript.

The JavaScript assembler plays a few tricks to make things like tail calls work:

Each basic block is translated to a function taking a MACHINE argument.
Every GOTO becomes a function call.
The head of each basic-blocked function checks to see if we should trampoline (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trampoline_(computers))
We support a limited form of computed jump by assigning an attribute to the function corresponding to a return point. See the code related to the LinkedLabel structure for details.

Otherwise, the assembler is fairly straightforward. It depends on library functions defined in "runtime-src/runtime.js". As soon as the compiler stabilizes, we will be pulling in the runtime library in Moby Scheme into this project. We are right in the middle of doing this, so expect a lot of flux here.

The assembled output distinguishes between Primitives and Closures. Primitives are only allowed to return single values back, and are not allowed to do any higher-order procedure calls. Closures, on the other hand, have full access to the machine, but they are responsible for calling the continuation and popping off their arguments when they’re finished.

7.5 Values

All values should support the following functions

plt.runtime.toDomNode(x, mode): produces a dom representation. mode can be either ’write’, ’display’, or ’print’
plt.runtime.equals(x, y): tests if two values are equal to each other

7.5.1 Numbers

Numbers are represented with the js-numbers JavaScript library. We re-exports it as a plt.baselib.numbers namespace which provides the numeric tower API.

Example uses of the plt.baselib.numbers library include:

Creating integers:
42
16
Creating big integers:
plt.baselib.numbers.makeBignum("29837419826")
Creating floats:
plt.baselib.numbers.makeFloat(3.1415)
Predicate for numbers:
plt.baselib.numbers.isSchemeNumber(42)
Adding two numbers together:
plt.baselib.numbers.add(42, plt.baselib.numbers.makeFloat(3.1415))
Converting a plt.baselib.numbers number back into native JavaScript floats:
plt.baselib.numbers.toFixnum(...)

Do all arithmetic using the functions in the plt.baselib.numbers namespace. One thing to also remember to do is apply plt.baselib.numbers.toFixnum to any native JavaScript function that expects numbers.

7.5.2 Pairs, NULL, and lists

Pairs can be constructed with plt.runtime.makePair(f, r). A pair is an object with first and rest attributes. They can be tested with plt.runtime.isPair();

The empty list value, plt.runtime.NULL, is a single, distinguished value, so compare it with ===.

Lists can be constructed with plt.runtime.makeList, which can take in multiple arguments. For example,

var aList = plt.runtime.makeList(3, 4, 5);

constructs a list of three numbers.

The predicate plt.runtime.isList(x) takes an argument x and reports if the value is chain of pairs, terminates by NULL. At the time of this writing, it does NOT check for cycles.

7.6 Vectors

Vectors can be constructed with plt.runtime.makeVector(x ...), which takes in any number of arguments. They can be tested with plt.runtime.isVector, and support the following methods and attributes:

ref(n): get the nth element
set(n, v): set the nth element with value v
length: the length of the vector

7.7 Strings

Immutable strings are represented as regular JavaScript strings.

Mutable strings haven’t been mapped yet.

7.8 VOID

The distinguished void value is plt.runtime.VOID; functions implemented in JavaScript that don’t have a useful return value should return plt.runtime.VOID.

7.9 Undefined

The undefined value is JavaScript’s undefined.

7.10 EOF

The eof object is plt.runtime.EOF

7.10.1 Boxes

Boxes can be constructed with plt.runtime.makeBox(x). They can be tested with plt.runtime.isBox(), and they support two methods:

box.get(): returns the value in the box

box.set(v): replaces the value in the box with v

7.10.2 Structures

structure types can be made with plt.runtime.makeStructureType. For example,

var Color = plt.runtime.makeStructureType(

'color', // name

false, // parent structure type

3, // required number of arguments

0, // number of automatically-filled fields

false, // OPTIONAL: the auto-v value

false // OPTIONAL: a guard procedure

);

makeStructuretype is meant to mimic the make-struct-type function in Racket. It produces a structure type value with the following methods:

constructor: create an instance of a structure type.
For example,
var aColor = Color.constructor(3, 4, 5);
creates an instance of the Color structure type.
predicate: test if a value is of the given structure type.
For example,
Color.predicate(aColor) --> true
Color.predicate("red") --> false
accessor: access a field of a structure.
For example,
var colorRed = function(x) { return Color.accessor(x, 0); };
var colorGreen = function(x) { return Color.accessor(x, 1); };
var colorBlue = function(x) { return Color.accessor(x, 2); };
mutator: mutate a field of a structure.
For example,
var setColorRed = function(x, v) { return Color.mutator(x, 0, v); };

In addition, it has a type whose prototype can be changed in order to add methods to an instance of a structure type. For example,

Color.type.prototype.toString = function() {

return "rgb(" + colorRed(this) + ", "

+ colorGreen(this) + ", "

+ colorBlue(this) + ")";

};

should add a toString method for instances of the Color structure.

7.11 Tests

The test suite in "tests/test-all.rkt" runs the test suite. You’ll need to run this on a system with a web browser, as the suite will evaluate JavaScript and make sure it is producing values. A bridge module in "tests/browser-evaluate.rkt" brings up a temporary web server that allows us to pass values between Racket and the JavaScript evaluator on the browser for testing output.

7.12 What’s in js-vm that’s missing from Whalesong?

(This section should describe what needs to get done next.)

The only types that are mapped so far are

immutable strings
numbers
pairs
null
void
vectors

We need to bring around the following types previously defined in js-vm: (This list will shrink as I get to the work!)

immutable vectors
regexp
byteRegexp
character
placeholder
path
bytes
immutable bytes
keywords
hash
hasheq
struct types
exceptions
thread cells
big bang info
worldConfig
effectType
renderEffectType
readerGraph

)

What are the list of primitives in "js-vm-primitives.js" that we haven’t yet exposed in whalesong? We’re missing 208:

abort-current-continuation
andmap
append
apply
argmax
argmin
arity-at-least-value
arity-at-least?
assoc
assq
assv
boolean=?
boolean?
box-immutable
box?
build-list
build-string
build-vector
byte?
bytes
bytes->immutable-bytes
bytes->list
bytes-append
bytes-copy
bytes-fill!
bytes-length
bytes-ref
bytes-set!
bytes<?
bytes=?
bytes>?
bytes?
caaar
caadr
caar
cadar
cadddr
caddr
cadr
call-with-continuation-prompt
call-with-current-continuation
call-with-values
call/cc
cdaar
cdadr
cdar
cddar
cdddr
cddr
char->integer
char-alphabetic?
char-ci<=?
char-ci<?
char-ci=?
char-ci>=?
char-ci>?
char-downcase
char-lower-case?
char-numeric?
char-upcase
char-upper-case?
char-whitespace?
char<=?
char<?
char=?
char>=?
char>?
char?
complex?
compose
cons?
continuation-mark-set->list
continuation-mark-set?
continuation-prompt-tag?
current-continuation-marks
current-inexact-milliseconds
current-seconds
default-continuation-prompt-tag
e
eighth
empty
empty?
eof
eof-object?
equal~?
even?
exact->inexact
exn-continuation-marks
exn-message
exn:fail:contract:arity?
exn:fail:contract:divide-by-zero?
exn:fail:contract:variable?
exn:fail:contract?
exn:fail?
exn?
explode
false
false?
fifth
filter
first
foldl
foldr
for-each
fourth
gensym
hash-for-each
hash-map
hash-ref
hash-remove!
hash-set!
hash?
identity
immutable?
implode
inexact->exact
inexact?
int->string
integer->char
js-function?
js-object?
js-value?
length
list->bytes
list-tail
make-arity-at-least
make-bytes
make-continuation-prompt-tag
make-exn
make-exn:fail
make-exn:fail:contract
make-exn:fail:contract:arity
make-exn:fail:contract:divide-by-zero
make-exn:fail:contract:variable
make-hash
make-hasheq
make-placeholder
make-reader-graph
make-struct-type
make-thread-cell
map
max
memf
memq
memv
min
negative?
null
odd?
ormap
pi
placeholder-get
placeholder-set!
positive?
posn?
print-values
quicksort
raise
rational?
real?
remove
replicate
rest
second
seventh
sixth
sleep
sort
string
string->immutable-string
string->int
string->list
string-alphabetic?
string-ci<=?
string-ci<?
string-ci=?
string-ci>=?
string-ci>?
string-copy
string-fill!
string-ith
string-lower-case?
string-numeric?
string-ref
string-upper-case?
string-whitespace?
string<=?
string<?
string>=?
string>?
struct-accessor-procedure?
struct-constructor-procedure?
struct-mutator-procedure?
struct-predicate-procedure?
struct-type?
struct?
subbytes
symbol=?
third
throw-cond-exhausted-error
true
undefined?
values
vector?
verify-boolean-branch-value
void?
write
xml->s-exp

(I should catalog the bug list in GitHub, as well as the feature list, so I have a better idea of what’s needed to complete the project.)

(We also need a list of the primitives missing that prevent us from running racket/base; it’s actually a short list that I’ll be attacking once things stabilize.)

8 The Whalesong language

(require (planet dyoo/whalesong:1:2/lang/base))

This needs to at least show all the bindings available from the base language.

true : boolean

The boolean value #t.

false : boolean

The boolean value #f.

pi : number

The math constant pi.

e : number

The math constant pi.

null : null

The empty list value null.

(let/cc id body ...)

(null? ...)

(not ...)

(eq? ...)

(equal? ...)

(void ...)

8.1 IO

(current-output-port ...)

(current-print ...)

(write ...)

(write-byte ...)

(display ...)

(newline ...)

(format ...)

(printf ...)

(fprintf ...)

(displayln ...)

8.2 Numeric operations

(number? ...)

(+ ...)

(- ...)

(* ...)

(/ ...)

(= ...)

(add1 ...)

(sub1 ...)

(< ...)

(<= ...)

(> ...)

(>= ...)

(abs ...)

(quotient ...)

(remainder ...)

(modulo ...)

(gcd ...)

(lcm ...)

(floor ...)

(ceiling ...)

(round ...)

(truncate ...)

(numerator ...)

(denominator ...)

(expt ...)

(exp ...)

(log ...)

(sin ...)

(sinh ...)

(cos ...)

(cosh ...)

(tan ...)

(asin ...)

(acos ...)

(atan ...)

(sqr ...)

(sqrt ...)

(integer-sqrt ...)

(sgn ...)

(make-rectangular ...)

(make-polar ...)

(real-part ...)

(imag-part ...)

(angle ...)

(magnitude ...)

(conjugate ...)

(string->number ...)

(number->string ...)

(random ...)

(exact? ...)

(integer? ...)

(zero? ...)

8.3 String operations

(string? s)

(string=? ...)

(string->symbol ...)

(string-length ...)

{}

(string-append ...)

{}

8.4 Symbol operations

(symbol? ...)

(symbol->string? ...)

8.5 List operations

(pair? ...)

(cons ...)

(car ...)

(cdr ...)

(list ...)

(length ...)

(append ...)

(reverse ...)

(map ...)

(for-each ...)

(member ...)

(list-ref ...)

(memq ...)

(assq ...)

8.6 Vector operations

(vector? ...)

(make-vector ...)

(vector ...)

(vector-length ...)

(vector-ref ...)

(vector-set! ...)

(vector->list ...)

(list->vector ...)

9 Acknowledgements

Whalesong uses code and utilities from the following external projects:

jshashtable (http://www.timdown.co.uk/jshashtable/)
js-numbers (http://github.com/dyoo/js-numbers/)
JSON (http://www.json.org/js.html)
jquery (http://jquery.com/)
Google Closure Compiler (http://code.google.com/p/closure-compiler/)

The following folks have helped tremendously in the implementation of Whalesong by implementing libraries, giving guidence, and suggesting improvements:

Ethan Cecchetti
Scott Newman
Zhe Zhang
Jens Axel Søgaard
Shriram Krishnamurthi
Emmanuel Schanzer

1	Introduction
2	Getting started
3	Using whalesong
4	Including external resources with (planet dyoo/ whalesong: 1: 2/ resource)
5	The Java Script API
6	World programming
7	Internals
8	The Whalesong language
9	Acknowledgements